DEFENSE DIPLOMACY OF INDONESIAN AND SAUDI ARABIA AS A DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN MILITARY STRENGTH

This article explains the cooperative relationship in the defense sector between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Diplomatic relations between the two countries are well established. Saudi Arabia and Indonesia have a relationship with each other in carrying out their foreign policy. The method used in this research is descriptive analytical method and defense diplomacy approach as a means to elaborate the discussion. After doing research, it can be concluded that in carrying out political policies, especially foreign countries, these two countries have a cooperation program in the defense sector. This cooperation program in the defense sector is a diplomatic effort of the two countries to strengthen national security. Defense diplomacy carried out by Indonesia against Saudi Arabia includes the exchange and education of military soldiers, in the fields of technology and humanitarian missions. Diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia are the main attraction for Indonesia, considering that Indonesia has national interests with Saudi Arabia both in the defense sector and in other fields.

King Salman's visit to Indonesia on March 1, 2017 is proof of the close relationship between the two countries. This visit is also a historic visit because for the first time since 47 years ago, Saudi Arabia visited Indonesia. This is also a series of Saudi Arabia's political and diplomatic safari activities to several countries. This event was certainly optimized by the Indonesian government. The government certainly hopes to discuss many things, including the defense sector (Susilo 2020).
Regarding the aspect of global national defense, how is Indonesia's diplomacy towards Saudi Arabia in the defense sector? The defense sector is an important element of a country in defending its sovereignty. The defense effort itself does not only rely on domestic strength, but it is necessary to have defense relations with other countries to help maintain security stability from within and outside the country. This study will describe the form of defense diplomacy between the two countries that has existed since the administration of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to Joko Widodo.

Literature Review
This research is of course not the first in the scientific treasures. There are several similar studies that have previously been studied by researchers, including the research of Budyanto Putro Sudarsono, et al, entitled "Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesian dalam Mencapai Kepentingan Nasional." This study focuses on Indonesia's defense diplomacy in achieving national interests, then also discusses the implementation of defense diplomacy that comes from several forces such as military, political, economic, intelligence and others. This study concludes that the role of Indonesia's defense diplomacy has not been optimal. Then the factors that also influence the role of Indonesia's diplomacy can also be seen from several aspects, namely aspects of the capacity and capability of the TNI, aspects of cooperation between agencies and the preparation of national strategies (Sudarsono and dkk. 2018, 86).
The author's position in this study will examine the cooperative relationship between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia in the defense sector. The author will describe Indonesia's foreign policy stance and its diplomacy with Saudi Arabia. Then the author Jurnal Diplomasi Pertahanan, Volume 8, Nomor 2, 2022 E-ISSN 2746-8496 28 will present the forms of bilateral cooperation that have been agreed upon by the two countries. The author will also state Indonesia's national interest in establishing cooperative relations with Saudi Arabia from the aspect of national defense.
To describe the cooperative relationship between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia in the defense sector, the author uses a defense diplomacy approach. Defense diplomacy is a way and strategy in establishing close relations through various aspects of cooperation.
The forms of cooperation include the fields of politics, economy, defense and security as well as various other aspects. This cooperation then creates friendly relations between countries that can work together further (Sudarsono and dkk. 2018, 87).
Diplomacy is actually a terminology in the study of international relations. The name is a concrete and technical form of how a country wishes to realize its interests as a national policy program. According to some opinions, diplomacy is an aspect of study composed of three aspects, namely ontological, epistemological, and axiological aspects.
Meanwhile, another opinion states that diplomacy is an art that refers to the absence of rigidity in its implementation. Diplomacy is closely related to foreign policy. This is because diplomacy is the implementation of foreign policy carried out by the official officials of a country. In some countries, the Minister of Foreign Affairs has the responsibility to implement and formulate foreign policy. Meanwhile, in the implementation of diplomacy, the authority to implement it can be given to diplomats and representatives stationed abroad and in international organizations, both bilaterally and multilaterally (Anugerah and Endiartia 2017, 32-33).
In carrying out defense diplomacy, both diplomacy in general and defense diplomacy must be able to determine policies in the field of defense diplomacy by analyzing and considering various elements related to defense aspects. This then becomes important because defense diplomacy is the main pillar for implementing a country's foreign policy in the political and economic fields as well as other fields.
Therefore, a country that is strong in its defense aspects -including in the field of defense diplomacy-can prevent potential historical and actual threats from within and outside the country. Defense diplomacy is also an integral part that cannot be separated from a country's defense policy, namely providing policy directions on the final goals to be achieved (goal-ends), and how to achieve them (ways), namely what strategies will be used to achieve these goals, as well as how the tools (means) to be used, namely the capabilities that must be possessed which are used as tools to achieve these goals (Supriyanto 2014, 156).
Defense diplomacy is an important aspect in defending a country's sovereignty from enemy threats. Defense diplomacy aims to strengthen a country's position when faced with security dilemmas and threats of war from other countries. Then defense diplomacy can also be carried out to strengthen the internal and external aspects of a country by developing human resources. Like the defense diplomacy relationship between Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Both countries use defense diplomacy to strengthen their defense side. Both Indonesia and Saudi Arabia also have national interests that become benefits and bargaining power for developments in defense and security aspects.

Research Method
The research method in general is the method used in a study. Research methods include activities of thinking and acting to achieve goals in a study (Kartini 1996, 20).
This research is a library research. Literature research is carried out by collecting various kinds of information that have been verified and of course related to the object of research. The references that are used as references in the research come from books, then articles, as well as various sources that are still relevant (Mardalis 2008, 28). The method used is descriptive analytical method. This method focuses on collecting data and collecting various data related to the discussion, then analyzed. The data collection technique used is the documentation technique (Moehnilabib and dkk 1997, 89). All sources that have been collected are then filtered by the authors in order to produce substantially and essentially accurate data.

Indonesia Foreign Policy and Defense Aspects
The foreign policy of a country is generally influenced by the philosophy of the nation that is used as a guide, the national interest of the country, the figures who govern within the country. Then its economic and military capabilities can also be influenced by the state of its national and international environment. According to William D. Coplin, there are four factors that can determine a country's foreign policy, namely, decision-making attitudes, domestic politics, economic and military factors, and the international environment (Sihbudi 1997, 60).
In particular, Indonesia's foreign policy is the process of implementing policies in carrying out relations with other countries and international organizations. This is done to deal with international problems faced in order to achieve national goals. The implementation of foreign policy is through the practice of diplomacy that is actively building relations, creative and anticipatory. Not only that, being firm in holding principles and stances as well as being flexible in approaching are also important factors in carrying out diplomacy (Susetyorini n.d.).
In this era of globalization, foreign policy does not only belong to state actors. The involvement of non-state actors is often able to produce international behavior that tends to have the potential to increase influence on government foreign policy through various global networks. The involvement of actors in various global issues certainly adds to the complexity of contemporary global political issues. Therefore, the actions of non-state actors become the government's attention to address the complexity of the problem wisely so that the national interest of a country is not harmed (Wuryandari n.d.,68).
With regard to its foreign policy, Indonesia also has policies to provide benefits to the country. Be it in terms of foreign policy, defense, political and diplomatic constellations. Especially in the field of defense, Indonesia has legitimacy for several legal aspects related to defense. The government realizes that the defense sector is the protection and safety to all nations from threats and disturbances that lurk in the integrity of the nation and state (Supriyanto 2014, 97).

Principles and Scope of Defense Cooperation
Defense cooperation is a country's foreign policy in international world which is included in the criteria for organizational cooperation. This is because the cooperation is carried out by two or more countries, it can even reach 28 countries such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. If the cooperation is carried out by two countries, it is called bilateral cooperation, then if the cooperation is carried out by three or more countries, it is called multilateral. Judging from its form, cooperation in the defense aspect is a formal cooperation between two or more countries. This formal cooperation is because in its implementation it uses a treaty or agreement, both binding and nonbinding, namely the cooperation agreement (Supriyanto 2014, 139).
To carry out cooperation in any field, especially cooperation in the defense sector, it is necessary to consider various things related to trends in national, regional and global conditions. With these considerations, the objectives of defense cooperation will be determined, which of course must be based on principles that apply to national interests and those that apply internationally. This is because even though it is a defense cooperation, it is still an international cooperation that must be based on international norms and standards (Supriyanto 2014, 145-146).

Figure 1
Alternative Analysis Framework for Doing or Not Conducting Defense Cooperation with Specific Countries (Supriyanto 2014, 146) In general, foreign policy is often understood as a form of realization that has been planned in the discussion of domestic politics. Thus, a country's foreign policy becomes something that develops and does not exist in a vacuum, but the policy is a dynamic interaction in the international community as well as the interaction between local and global problems (Wuryandari 2011, 140).
In implementing cooperation in the field of defense, there is a role of law that regulates norms and standards that must be adhered to and implemented and used as principles by each signatory of the cooperation document. The principles of this cooperation include (Supriyanto 2014, 151): 1. Mutual respect for the independence of each party.
2. Full respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each country.
3. Do not interfere in each other's domestic affairs.
6. Live side by side peacefully.
7. Do not engage in mutual aggression.
8. Recognition and implementation of universally recognized international legal norms.
9. Pacta Sun Servanda (adhering to the agreement that has been made, if you violate it, you will get sanctions or punishment from the international community) The scope of defense cooperation is usually stated in an article in the Defense Corporation Agreement (DCA). This is an important part because the substance of this cooperation agreement explains that DCA concerns the territorial or territorial space of a country that will intersect with the territorial sovereignty of other countries.

Indonesia and Saudi Arabia Cooperation in the Defense Sector
Indonesia and Saudi Arabia are two countries with a majority Muslim population.
The two countries have had diplomatic relations and are going well since 1950.
However, the development of the defense aspect of the relationship is a more recent trend that has occurred in recent years. An important event in that context was the signing of the first DCA between the two countries in 2014 (Parameswaran 2018).
Indonesia and Saudi Arabia signed the first DCA covering training and education, counter-terrorism efforts and the defense industry. Both Indonesia and Saudi Arabia agreed to work together in increasing the capacity of the two countries to increase professionalism by opening up opportunities to carry out joint training activities. This is also the first international treaty in cooperation between the two countries in the defense sector (Santosa 2014).
An international agreement is the legal basis and guide in carrying out activities, However, for formal agreements regarding peace, alliances or other important matters, the term treaty is usually used (Supriyanto 2014, 141).   National interest is an aspect that influences a country to determine policies that benefit them. Donald E. Nuechterlein (1976, 248) mentioned that one of the basics of national interest is the defense aspect. This is based on the desire of countries to protect their citizens against threats directed from other countries in the form of physical violence. Then it can be a threat that comes from outside the government system which spurs countries to improve their defense side. To strengthen their defense of nations, it requires cooperation with other countries in the defense sector.

National Interest of Indonesia
Defense cooperation is a cooperation that emphasizes the national interest of a country. This is because cooperation is sensitive and also concerns the sovereignty, state security, stability and welfare of the people. Judging from the description above, defense cooperation can be referred to as an international transaction carried out by two or more countries for the purpose of the "national interest" of the country that forms the corporation. Such cooperation is agreed upon by means of a treaty or agreement in which two or more countries enter into a reciprocal relationship according to written and formal international law. Likewise, cooperation in the defense sector generally uses written instruments, an agreement has been made based on the "Note of Meeting" (Supriyanto 2014, 140).
Defense diplomacy in the form of bilateral cooperation is very important to maintain the stability of international relations. The reason is, with changes in the global landscape and geoeconomic map occurring in the Asia Pacific, defense diplomacy can be a rational choice to avoid potential conflicts that could arise at any time (Ariesta 2018).
In establishing cooperation with Saudi Arabia, at least Indonesia will benefit in two ways: First, Indonesia's opportunity to strengthen its defense base becomes easier, technology. This is because Saudi Arabia is a country that has a large budget for the rejuvenation of the main weapons system (defense equipment), so that it can provide benefits for Indonesia to obtain modern military education through exchange programs for students, staff and the Ministry of Defense.