Indonesia’s New Capital Nusantara: Contemplating IKN Strategic Defence and Indonesia – Malaysia Border Diplomacy

The strategic benefits related to the newly selected capital city location are also dreaded by added challenges. On one hand, IKN is comparatively safer from natural disasters like being away from fault lines, earthquakes, storms, and floods; at the same time shifting the leadership of the country will also shift the centre of gravity to the new city exposing it to enhanced Mil and non-Mil threats. Therefore, this shifting of capital is also associated with the country’s Defence Forces’ development of new infrastructure and laying down renewed policies ensuring the defence of the newly built IKN and the government therein. While referring to the IKN as a new COG its security becomes a s national interest, which can be exploited by both Mil and non-Mil, actual and potential threats.


Background
The Indonesian Government decided in 2019 to shift its capital city from Jakarta to East Kalimantan and named it Nusantara (Archipelago). Mainly it was based on climate change concerns, natural disasters, urban congestion, and above all unequal concentration of wealth across the country (VOI, n.d). There are many strategic advantages related to this decision like being away from devastating natural disasters, a better population density, better education with Human Development Index above the national level, a moderate Religious Harmony Index, and enhanced political maturity, but at the same time, it has certain strings attached to it concerning the defence and Security.
The strategic benefits related to the newly selected capital city location are also dreaded by added challenges. On one hand, IKN is comparatively safer from natural "In a state of crisis or war, the capital city of a country will become a centre of gravity that will certainly be attacked by the enemy to its full strength. Hence, the development of a defence system in the capital city of a country is something of absolute importance for Indonesia." - (Abke, 2020).
Therefore, this shifting of capital is also associated with the country's Defence  (Fadok, 1995). Likewise, IKN will house the Civil-Mil leadership raising the stakes for its fool proof defence.  (Capek, 2008)

Literature Review
There is a rising concern about Indonesia's grand strategy of relocating its new capital city to Kalimantan Island. It is mainly because all the previous capital was never located on an island bordering other countries, lack of strategic depth, and its proximity to international flashpoints.
The need for a Strategic defence approach will be necessary to anticipate any possible impact that may arise, this must be taken into account for the sake of the secure capital city. This, however, does not include building infrastructure or adapting policies and strategies, but before reaching that point, several concepts correlate where defence diplomacy specifically in the domain of Border Diplomacy is seen as very precise to work with the issue without the use of force. Moreover, the article will analyse those actions, their application, challenges, and prospects for improvement in any domain undertaken by the government.

Development in Indonesia": Daden Rukmama
Deden Rukmana in his article has discussed that Urbanization which is developing in Jakarta is not to be matched by the availability of facilities and adequate urban infrastructure, so various problems such as floods, congestion, traffic, and slum settlements are becoming increasingly difficult to deal with. Thus, Jakarta, until now becomes the centre of all life aspects in Indonesia. Jakarta does not only act as the centre of the government but also as the centre of trade, finance, services, entertainment, sports, culture, transportation, and research (Rukmana, 2008).

Strategic Defence.
In a broader meaning strategic defence can be defined as, " Strategic Defence is a type of military planning doctrine, and a set of defence and combat activities used to deter, resist, and repel a strategic offensive. It is either a territorial or airspace, invasion or attack, or as part of a cyberspace attack in cyberwarfare, or a naval offensive to All forms of military defence are included in the planning, and civil defence organizations are often included too. Several common issues usually can be examined with the strategic defence approach; relate to the confidence-building in an interstate relationship (strategic neighbours), national defence policy, arms control in the strategic environment, a product for policy advice, and review of any of the security agenda (Dupuy, 1986).

Defense Diplomacy
G.R. Berridge and Alan James define Défense Diplomacy as "The use of military personnel, including service attaches, in support of conflict prevention and resolution.
Among a great variety of activities, it includes assisting in the development of democratically accountable armed forces" (Berridge & James, 2003 (Storey, 2012). The Issue related to Indonesia and  Malaysia border may be executed through an engagement of Défense diplomacy. This is the anticipation effort for conducting strategic defence in a critical area such as the relocation of the New Capital Nusantara.

Border Diplomacy
Border diplomacy can be defined as the diplomatic practice or steps by the states to resolve border disputes peacefully through demarcation and management (Shrestha, 2021

Capital City Security
These all efforts are focused on only one goal to safeguard the new capital city of Indonesia. Of course, there will be many aspects that should need to be considered. On a bigger scale, aspects such as the geostrategic location where the relocation makes the centre of gravity of the government take another step closer to the source of threats.
Pertinent to this research, the article will develop an understanding of the importance of Strategic defence and how border diplomacy acts as one of the efforts to safeguard this government's grand plan.

Research Methodology
A qualitative research methodology was adopted for contemplating ( exploring and understanding) the issues at hand and the solution to cater to these problems. Whereas many books, scholarly articles, media interviews, news, and internet sources were rereferred to, main inferences were drawn from the lecturers given by the government officials (considered as interviews followed by questions and answer sessions) and experts in this field during the KKDN of the DD International class.

Geographical Location
Before proceeding further let's have an orientation of the IKN. Nusantara is located in East Kalimantan Province, which towards the eastern side is partially bordered (

Salient Features of East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan is relatively stable when viewed from the potential for disasters, and this can be seen from the seismic (wave) recordings that rarely occur. It has a land cover that is mostly industrial forest plantations, abundant clean water availability, does not have a volcano, and is close to the coast. East Kalimantan is a Muslim majority province with the population as shown:  In general, the economic, political, and security conditions in East Kalimantan are relatively good, as can be seen from the heterogeneous society and openness to migrants, Similarly, it has good democracy and Freedom of Press index, falling in the "Free Enough" Category (Kaltimkece, 2021).
Moreover, despite certain criminal activities, in the security sector, East Kalimantan is a relatively safer zone.

Indonesia -Malaysia Border Issue
The Indonesia -Malaysia land border is about 2,000 km from northwest Kalimantan, to the Sebatik Bay and the Celebes Sea to the east of Kalimantan as seen in the figure below (Muhamad, 2012). Problems" (OBPs) between Indonesia and Malaysia that need to be resolved, as seen in the figure below. These aspects should be done in a peaceful method and hold on to the principle of international law (Chandra, 2022).

Land Border Management
In managing the border, Indonesia has a special forum to take care of this matter.

Non-Traditional Security Issues
Border security does not limit to traditional security matters but includes proper border management involving every aspect of border management. There are challenges to contemporary security, which are customs, immigration, quarantine, illegal crossing, and goods smuggling. Moreover, there are also human trafficking, narcotics smuggling, and rare exotic animal trafficking, and special issues such as terrorism and pandemic situations are also counted as contemporary security challenges.

Development of Border Areas on the Indonesian Side
In recent years, welfare, empowering the border community, and border area development have become equally important. Other issues such as food security, access to health, education, and information as well as economic and trading activities on the border also amount to the problems. Security remains a priority but economic challenges rising from disparity in border area also needs to be addressed.
In the President Joko Widodo era, the country has implemented several policies to develop border areas. One of them is the construction of 11 PLBN (Border Crossing Post) that will be a centre point of development. Indonesia and Malaysia are also in the process of reviewing their border crossing agreement and border trade agreement.

Maritime Security Threats and Management
Besides the land border, Indonesia also has a maritime security agreement. Above mentioned actual threats indicate that the volatility that can occur in the new capital Nusantara, is not only caused by external threats, such as borders, military alliances, and missile radius, but also comes from within the country.

Smart Defence and Dual Strategy (Military and Diplomacy)
The Defence sector is also developing a smart defence and dual strategy based on the doctrines, strategy, posture, and capabilities within the field of defence. Also, through the security sector to develop smart security, as well as developing cybersecurity through the Security Council. Then all of this architecture system will be on the master plan for the defence and security sector of the new capital development as it is also based on cost-effectiveness and the quality of spending because there is a resource limit that the government has (Wargadalam, 2022).
For the smart defence and dual strategy, the plan goes and thought through all the challenges in all the realms, whether it's land, air, sea and, also the digital realm as discussed in the above paragraphs. In developing the defence sector, looking towards the future, technology will play a big part in the defence.
Discussing the security of the capital, BAPPENAS is not only looking outwards on how to secure the capital from external threats, but also security, as in how to police the society in the new capital. BAPPENAS is developing a concept of smart security that focuses on modern policing. The two key aspects of what policing will do is one as a service, mostly based on more modern and technological progressive advancements using more administrative law through the internet, computers, and also surveillance systems through more digital surveillance.
Talking about the digital realm of the system, the system of cybersecurity is mostly the one that will be very dependent on as we look through the future when almost everything is digitalized. The framework that is developed by BSSN and its logistics waste, and also the need for the capital assignments as one of the first phase of development (Bakrie, 2022).

The maritime virtual gate
The maritime virtual gate of Makassar Strait is also a concept applied for the regional gate from the BAPPENAS perspective. It is a modern gate in the form of a modern technology system with imaginary architecture to ensure that people and goods movement on the surface and under the sea can be precisely quantified.
As per the military analyst, Dr. Connie Rahakundini Bakrie, efforts on border diplomacy and strategic defence of Nusantara, require three important characteristics of contemporary border management:  The multiple border strategy: It is associated with the dealing of checking goods and verifying their identities that take place away from the actual  End-to-end identity: This facilitates pre-travel validation of identity at the port of departure, while at the same time is shared with the arrival port for biometric authentication (Bakrie, 2022).
What actually the Nusantara border requires is to be effective, smart, proactive as well as responsive as much as possible to progressively enhance the border crossing practices whilst also ensuring undaunted security standards. To achieve the effectiveness of this system, Malaysia has to be involved actively by introducing the UK-France model arrangement. UK-France enhanced border security was introduced with enhanced boundary fencing and admission points for the controlled area, at least outside the area around the cross-channel that links the UK and France. On land borders, they had physical access control procedures including "Hostile Vehicle Mitigation (HVM) using bollards, gates or barriers, blast protection screens, and smart fencing" and compound security could also be an essential element of a secure border (Bakrie, 2022).

The Challenges to Strategic Defence of Nusantara
The strategic decision of moving the country's capital has certain on-ground challenges which include:  Dealing with the Locals and the Environmentalist Concern.
 IKN is locally integrated, globally-connected, and has the potential to put Indonesia in a more strategic position in world trade routes, making it a highpriority target if caught within a conflict between major powers.

Border Diplomacy
One of the main problems for the new capital is its proximity to a long-shared land border with Malaysia's territory of the island which is located north of the planned  Phase 3 -Infrastructural Development at Nusantara. The government will be required to make a special budget allocation for the grant strategic project in developing the new city infrastructure and basic amenities to accommodate those relocating to Nusantara city. The infrastructural development would also commence in conjunction with the military and other security agencies' deployment but adequate priorities to the security to enable achieve 70% development within four years of commencement. This will commence after the border diplomacy must have achieved its desired result and both nations must have finished the demarcation process of the borderlines through the necessary ministries.

Conclusion
The site selected for the new capital city is safer concerning natural disasters, severe weather, and seismic activities, with a lot of forestations; moreover, is blessed with an abundance of clean water, a combination of low high-lying grounds, and nearby the coast. These all characteristics make it an ideal place for a new capital city

Thank-you Note
In the end as a group we would like to extend our special gratitude to Prof.
Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D. as our supervisor and part of our writing team for sparing time and providing his guidance, without which we would not be able to achieve this. We also want to thank Colonel Infantry Dr. Sunarko S.E., M.Sc., P.Sc., as