Implikasi Pandemi Covid-19 terhadap Diplomasi Pertahanan Masyarakat Global dan Regional: Bentuk Kerjasama oleh Organisasi Regional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33172/jdp.v6i3.664Abstract
As of October 29, 2020, WHO stated that Covid-19 had infected more than 43 millionpeople worldwide with 400 thousand new cases every day and had caused more than 1 million
people to die. The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the nations’ views of security concept and has
implications for global and regional communities’ defence diplomacy. This paper uses a content
analysis research method based on Mayring's theory and focuses on defense diplomacy
implemented by 10 regional security organizations in the world based on Bailes and Cottey’s work,
namely AU, Arab League, ASEAN, APEC, CARICOM, EU, OAS, OIC, SADC, and NATO.
From the analysis of related content, it can be concluded that the Covid-19 pandemic has
implications toward the form of defense diplomacy carried out by international organizations.
Defense diplomacy carried out during the pandemic focused on the commitment and assistance
made to reduce the spread of Covid-19 and the nations’ economic recovery in the form of health
diplomacy and economic diplomacy. This is in line with the complexity in the concept of security
and the variety of areas of cooperation that can be accomplished in the concept of defense diplomacy.
Keywords: Covid-19 pandemic, defence diplomacy, security, regional organizations
References
Africa Union. (2020a). African Development Bank supports continental strategy on COVID-19
with US$27. Au.Int. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20201119/african-developmentbank-
supports-continental-strategy-covid-19-us2733
Africa Union. (2020b). China Donates Medical Supplies to African Union Commission _ African
Union. Au.Int. https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20201023/china-donates-medicalsupplies-
african-union-commission
Africa Union. (2020c). Team Europe supports Africa’s COVID-19 response with 1. Au.Int.
https://au.int/en/pressreleases/20201008/team-europe-supports-africas-covid-19-
response-14-million-test-kits
Alden, C., & Dunst, C. (2020). COVID-19_ Middle East and the Arab League. London Scholl
of Economics and Political Science. https://www.lse.ac.uk/internationalrelations/
centres-and-units/global-south-unit/COVID-19-regionalresponses/
Middle-East-and-COVID-19
APEC. (2020). APEC Ministers Focus on Regional Economic Recovery to Rebuild Better.
Apec.Org. https://www.apec.org/Press/News-Releases/2020/1116_AMM
ASEAN Policy Brief. (2020). Economic Impact of Covid-19 Outbreak on ASEAN.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), April, 1–17.
https://asean.org/storage/2020/04/ASEAN-Policy-Brief-April-2020_FINAL.pdf
Bailes, A. J. K., & Cottey, A. (2006). Regional security cooperation in the early 21st century.
SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security., 195–223.
www.ecosecretariat.org
Bansal, A. (2020). Asean needs to come together over Covid-19 pandemic Regional solidarity key
to effective outbreak response. May.
Buzan, B. (1983). People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the
Post-Cold War Era (Vol. 40, Issue 4). John Spiers. https://doi.org/10.2307/40202323
Caricom. (2020). CARICOM coordinates provision of essential COVID-19 supplies for Member
States - CARICOM. Caricom.Org. https://caricom.org/caricom-coordinatesprovision-
of-essential-covid-19-supplies-for-member-states/
Divsallar, A., & Narbone, L. (2020). A US-Iran Zero-sum Game on Covid-19 Could
Threaten Global Health Security. Robert Schuman Centre, 1–10.
https://doi.org/10.2870/583336
Elliott, L. (2020). “Great Lockdown” to rival Great Depression with 3% hit to global economy,
says IMF | Business | The Guardian.
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/14/great-lockdown-coronavirusto-
rival-great-depression-with-3-hit-to-global-economy-says-imf
European Comission. (2020a). A European Roadmap to Lifting Coronavirus Containment
Measures. European Union Reports. https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-traveleu/
health/coronavirus-response/european-roadmap-lifting-coronaviruscontainment-
measures_en
European Comission. (2020b). Timeline of EU action | European Commission. Ec.Europa.Eu.
https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirus-response/timelineeu-
action_es%0Ahttps://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/health/coronavirusresponse/
timeline-eu-action_en
Fadlan Muzakki. (2020). the Global Political Economy Impact of Covid-19 and. Journal of
Social Political Sciences JSPS, 1(2), 76–93.
Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C., Hui, D. S. C.,
Du, B., Li, L., Zeng, G., Yuen, K., Chen, R., Tang, C., Wang, T., Chen, P., Xiang, J., …
Zhu, S. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New
Engl and Journal of Medicine Original, 1708–1720.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Hakim, R. N. (2020). Indonesia dan Negara ASEAN Sepakat Perkuat Kerja Sama Tangani
Covid-19. Kompas.
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/14/16370241/indonesia-dan-negaraasean-
sepakat-perkuat-kerja-sama-tangani-covid-19
Halkis, M. (2020). The Implementation of Penta Helix Counterinsurgency (COIN)
Strategic Model in Reconstructing Special Autonomy for Papua. Society, 8(1), 234–
https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v8i1.182
Idrus, P. G. (2020). Malaysia_ APEC punya tiga tugas hadapi dampak ekonomi Covid-19.
AA.Com. https://www.aa.com.tr/id/regional/malaysia-apec-punya-tiga-tugashadapi-
dampak-ekonomi-covid-19/2048692
Kemlu. (2020). Perangi Covid 19 Indonesia Dorong Asean Dan Australia Perkuat Kerja Sama
Bidang Kesehatan | Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia.
https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/1310/berita/perangi-covid-19-indonesia-dorongasean-
dan-australia-perkuat-kerja-sama-bidang-kesehatan
Maarif, N. (2020). Negara ASEAN Sepakati 7 Poin Kerja Sama Pariwisata di Tengah COVID-
Detik. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4998705/negara-asean-sepakati-7-poinkerja-
sama-pariwisata-di-tengah-covid-19
Maio, G. D. E. (2020). NATO ’ S RESPONSE TO COVID-19 : LESSONS FOR RESILIENCE
AND READINESS. October, 1–18.
Manafe, C. (2019). Strategi Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia – Korea Selatan Dalam
Memperkuat Pertahanan Negara. 4(September), 24–28.
Margaretha, Y. (2020). Tantangan Kerja Sama Regional ASEAN dalam Melawan COVID-19.
Center for Area Studies Indonesian Institute of Science LIPI.
http://psdr.lipi.go.id/news-and-events/opinions/tantangan-kerja-sama-regionalasean-
dalam-melawan-covid-19.html
Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. A Companion to Qualitative Research,
(2004), 159–176.
Menon, J. (2020). COVID-19 and ASEAN + 3 : Impacts and Responses. 54, 1–10.
Muhibat, S. F. (2020). COVID-19 in Southeast Asia : 10 Countries , 10 Responses. April, 1–13.
Nandakumar, K. (2020). COVID-19 : Emergence , Spread , Possible Treatments , and Global.
(May). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00216
NATO. (2020a). NATO - News_ Coronavirus response_ NATO delivers ventilators to Allies in
need, 23-Oct. NATO. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_179133.htm
NATO. (2020b). NATO - News_ Coronavirus response_ United States delivers ventilators for
NATO stockpile , 18-Sep. NATO.
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_178096.htm
Neag, M. M. (2014). Promoting Security Through Public Diplomacy. 2(2), 160–167.
OAS. (2020). OAS __ Multilateral Entities Coordinate Response to the Regional Impact of
COVID-19 at the Level of the Joint Summit Working Group. Oas,Org.
https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-031/20
OIC. (2020). Efforts of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation in Addressing
Coronavirus Pandemic Covid-19. In Organization of Islamic Cooperation.
org/upload/covid19/oic_covid19_efforts_report_jul_2020_en.pdf
PA, N. (2020). The Assembly’s Response to COVID-19 _ NATO PA. Nato-Pa.Int.
https://www.nato-pa.int/content/assemblys-response-covid-19
Pedrason, R. (2015). ASEAN’s Defence Diplomacy: The Road to Southeast Asian Defence
Community? Rupert-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg Institut For Politische Wissenschaft, 1–
Praditya, Y., & Indrawan, J. (2016). Keamanan di Indonesia: sebuah kajian strategis. Nadi
Pustaka. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=KTj9xAEACAAJ
Purbantina, A., Policy, R. H.-G. dan, & 2020, undefined. (2020). Diplomasi Kesehatan di
Era Pandemik Global: Analisa Bantuan Penanganan Covid-19 dari Negara Jepang dan Korea Selatan ke Indonesia. Ejournal.Upnjatim.Ac.Id, 8(1), 1–18.
http://www.ejournal.upnjatim.ac.id/index.php/jgp/article/view/2167
SADC. (2020). Southern African Development Community :: Bulletin 5: SADC Regional
Response to COVID-19. SADC. https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/bulletin-5-
sadc-regional-response-covid-19/
SADC Secretariat. (2020). SADC REGIONAL RESPONSE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC With
focus on Health , Transport and Food Security Sectors (Issue 11).
Sagena, W., U. (2019). Memahami Keamanan Tradisional Dan Non-Tradisional Di Selat
Malak: Isu-Isu Interaksi Antar Aktor. E-Journals.Unmul.Ac.Id, 72–91.
Sudarsono, B. P., Mahroza, J., & D.W, S. (2019). KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL INDONESIA
’ S DEFENSE DIPLOMACY IN ACHIEVING THE NATIONAL INTEREST. November.
https://doi.org/10.33172/jpbh.v8i3.441
Sukadis, B. (2017). Peran Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia Dalam Kerjasama Pertahanan
Indonesia dan Amerika Serikat. Jurnal IlmiuHubungan Internasional, 1(1), 92–123.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.33822/jm.v1i1.285
The Caribbean Council. (2020). CARICOM Heads agree to develop common responses to
challenges posed by COVID-19 - The Caribbean Council. Caribbean-Council.Org.
https://www.caribbean-council.org/caricom-heads-agree-to-develop-commonresponses-
to-challenges-posed-by-covid-19/
WHO. (2020a). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Family Practice Guidelines.
https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826153425.0016b
WHO. (2020b). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus
Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Who. https://covid19.who.int/table
Xinhua. (2020). China delivers anti-coronavirus medical aid to Arab League - Xinhua _ English.
Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-07/06/c_139190554_2.htm
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu,
R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G. F., & Tan, W. (2020).
A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England
Journal of Medicine, 382(8), 727–733. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
