Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia Dalam Meningkatkan Kerjasama Pertahanan Indonesia-Amerika Serikat (2012-2017)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56555/sps.v4i1.232Abstract
Abstrak--Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis upaya-upaya Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia dalam meningkatkan kerjasama pertahanan Indonesia-AS periode 2012-2017. Hal ini dihadapkan dengan adanya ketidaksetaraan yang terdapat pada kerjasama pertahanan Indonesia-Amerika Serikat (AS) dengan masih diberlakukannya human rights vetting oleh AS terhadap Indonesia, dan juga isu-isu yang terjadi pada Indonesia dan AS baik internal maupun eksternal yang dapat mempengaruhi hubungan keduanya. Penelitian ini fokus kepada diplomasi pertahanan Indonesia dalam meningkatkan kerjasama pertahanan Indonesia-AS periode 2012-2017 dengan dua karakter utama yaitu confidence building measures dan capacity building. Dalam menganalisa data, penelitian ini menggunakan konsep dan teori diplomasi pertahanan, kerjasama pertahanan, dan geopolitik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif melalui teknik pengumpulan data wawancara dan tinjauan pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari ketujuh indikator diplomasi pertahanan dalam tatanan confidence building measures; empat indikator yaitu communication, consultation, transparancy, dan goodwill telah dilaksanakan dengan baik. Sedangkan tiga indikator yaitu economic CBM, socio cultural CBM, dan Political CBM belum dilakukan dengan maksimal. Oleh karena itu, diharapkan terdapat solusi untuk meningkatkan tiga indikator tersebut sehingga CBM dapat terbangun dengan baik dan kerjasama pertahanan kedua negara dapat meningkat. Kemudian, dari kedua indikator diplomasi pertahanan dalam tatanan capacity building yaitu kerjasama strategis dalam bantuan militer, dan pembelian alutsista dalam rangka meningkatkan kapabilitas pertahanan negara sudah dilakukan dengan baik oleh kedua negara.
Kata Kunci: Diplomasi Pertahanan, Kerjasama Pertahanan Indonesia-AS, confidence building measure, capacity building
Abstract--The research aims to analyze Indonesia Defense Diplomacy in enhancing Indonesia-United States (US) defense cooperation period of 2012-2017. It is confronted with inequalities in Indonesia-US defense cooperation shown by the implementation of human rights vetting by the United States against Indonesia, as well as issues that occur in Indonesia and the United States both internally and externally which may affect their relations. This research focuses on Indonesia defense diplomacy in enhancing Indonesia-US in two major characteristics; those are confidence building measures (CBM) and capacity building. In analyzing data, concepts and theories of defense diplomacy, defense cooperation, and geopolitics are used. The research applies qualitative-descriptive method, and several interviews and content analyses were used in data collection technique. The results indicate that four of seven indicators of defense diplomacy in confidence building measures; which are communication, consultation, transparency, and goodwill have been implemented well. Besides, another three indicators; economic CBM, socio cultural CBM, and Political CBM have not been well implemented. Therefore, solutions in improving these three indicators are needed to build the CBM and defense cooperation between the two countries. Furthermore, two indicators of defense diplomacy in capacity building, which are strategic cooperation in military aid and the purchase of major weapon system to improve defense capability, have been well implemented by both countries.
Key words: Defense Diplomacy, Indonesia-US Defense Cooperation, confidence building measure, capacity building
References
Daftar Pustaka
Buku
Baviera, A. S. (2001). Bilateral Confidence Building with China in Relation to the South China Seas Dispute: A Philliphine Perspective. Canada: Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada.
Bert, Chapman. (2011). Geopolitics: A Guide to the Issues, California, Praeger.
Cottey, Andrew dan Anthony F. (2004). Reshaping Defence Diplomacy: New Roles for Military Cooperation and Assistance, London: Oxford University Press.
Eade, Deborah. (2007). Capacity-Building: An Approach to People-Centred Development. UK: Oxfam GB.
Holsti, K.J. (1995). International Politics: A Framework for Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia 2015. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia.
Said, Djoko, B. (2015). Geopolitik dan Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia, Amerika Serikat: CreateSpace Independent Books Publisher.
Shoelhi, Mohammad. (2009). Diplomasi Damai. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Supriyatno, Makmur. (2014). Tentang Ilmu Pertahanan. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Suryokusumo, Sumaryo. (2004). Praktik Diplomasi. Jakarta: STIH IBLAM.
Jurnal
Acharya, Amitav. (2011). The ASEAN Regional Forum: Confidence Building.
Website
Artanti, Annisa Ayu. (2017, 22 Januari). Trump Dinilai Tak Akan Terlalu Bersinggungan dengan Indonesia. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2018, dari Metro TV News: http://m.metrotvnews.com/read/2017/01/22/646477/trump-dinilai-tak-akan-terlalu-bersinggungan-dengan-ind.
Artileri. (2012, 23 Februari). F-16 Bekas Pakai USAF atau Pesawat-pesawat Canggih dan Pesawat Tua Indonesia. Diakses pada 09 November 2017, dari Artileri: http://www.artileri.org/2012/02/apa-ya-judulnya-f-16-bekas-pakai-usaf.html.
Farid, Yuniman. (2010, 22 Juli). AS Kembali akan Latih Kopassus?. Diakses pada 09 Oktober 2017, dari Deutsche Welle: http://www.dw.com/id/as-kembali-akan-latih-kopassus/a-5825360
Hutapea, Rita Uli. (2017, 28 Januari). Ini 7 Negara Muslim yang warganya Dilarang Trump Masuk ke AS. Diakses pada 6 Januari 2018, dari Detik News: https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-3407888/ini-7-negara-muslim-yang-warganya-dilarang-trump-masuk-ke-as.
Mingkid, Grasella Sovia. (2017, 7 September). Marinir Indonesia-Amerika Gelar Latihan Bersama di Situbondo. Diakses pada 20 Oktober 2017, dari Detik News: https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-3632509/marinir-indonesia-amerika-gelar-latihan-bersama-di-situbondo.
Morrissey, Scott. 2006. U.S Lifts Indonesia Arms Embargo. Washington DC: Arms Control Association. Diakses dari https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_01-02/JANFEB-Indonesia
Nugraha, Fajar. (2015, 21 Oktober). Dubes AS, tak ada kesulitan jual senjata ke Indonesia. Diakses pada 2 Januari 2018, dari Metro TV News: http://www.metrotvnews.com/amp/ObzJWE0b-dubes-as-tak-ada-kesulitan-jual-senjata-ke-indonesia.
Parameswaran, Prashanth. (2017, 15 April). Trumps’ Indonesia Challenge Begins with Pence Visit. Diakses pada 28 September 2017, dari the Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/trumps-indonesia-challenge-begins-with-pence-visit/.
Rizky, Ramadhan. (2017, 22 Oktober). Kronologi Panglima TNI ditolak Masuk Amerika Serikat. Diakses pada 23 November 2017, dari https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20171022182029-20-250164/kronologi-panglima-tni-ditolak-masuk-amerika-serikat/.
Saragih, Rojes. (2013, 26 Agustus). Amerika Serikat Setujui Penjualan AH-64E Apache, Diakses pada 29 Agustus 2017, dari https://jakartagreater.com/amerika-serikat-setujui-penjualan-ah-64e-apache/.
The Editorial Board. (2017, 27 April). Election Tests Indonesian Democracy. Diakses pada 25 September 2017, dari The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/27/opinion/election-tests-indonesian-democracy.html.
United Press International. (1996, 8 March). Indonesia May Buy F-16 Fighters. Diakses pada 07 Oktober 2017, dari UPI Archived: http://www.upi.com/Archives/1996/03/08/Indonesia-may-buy-F-16-fighters/8354826261200/
U.S Army pacific. (2017, 18 September). Exercise Garuda Shield. Diakses pada 25 Januari 2018, dari STAND-TO: The Official Focus of the U.S Army: https://www.army.mil/standto/2017-09-18.
U.S. Department of State. (2010, September). US-Indonesia Joint Commission and Bilateral Meeting. Diakses pada 17 Oktober 2017, dari U.S. Department of State Archive: https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/09/147309.htm.
Winarso, C. P. (2013). Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Indonesia Sebelum dan Sesudah Embargo Senjata, Dikaji Dalam Bidang Militer. Diakses pada 15 Agustus 2017 dari Education and Cultural Attache: http://education.embassyofindonesia.org/2013/10/hubungan-amerika-serikat-dengan-indonesia-sebulum-dan-sesudah-embargo-senjata-dikaji-dalam-didang-militer/
Lain-lain
Antonius. (2013). AH-64E Guardian: Pengawal Infanteri TNI. Majalah Commando: Volume IX. Edisi No. 5.
Hutabarat, L. F. (2017, 20 Desember). (F. Nuzulia, Pewawancara). Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia.
Nurhasya, M. J. (2017, 20 Desember). (F. Nuzulia, Pewawancara). Kementerian Luar Negeri RI.
Multazam, Arifin. (2010). Diplomasi Pertahanan Indonesia dan Korea Selatan, Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Wibisono, Makarim. (2017, 8 Mei). Defense Cooperation in International Relation Paradigm. Dipresentasikan pada perkuliahan Defense Cooperation. Bogor: Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia.
Pedrason, Rodon. (2015). Asean’s Defense Diplomacy: The Road to Southeast Asian Defense Community?. Heidelberg, Jerman: Universitat Heidelberg.
Prayogo, M. W. (2017, 19 Desember). (F. Nuzulia, Pewawancara). Markas Besar TNI.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
