STRATEGI PEMERINTAH DALAM MENGHADAPI ANCAMAN RETURNEES FOREIGN FIGHTER DI INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33172/pa.v6i2.912Abstract
Pasca kekalahan Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) oleh gempuran pasukan koalisi Amerika Serikat di kota Baghouz, para Foreign Fighter yang tergabung ke dalam ISIS menyerah dan tertangkap oleh pasukan Syiria Democratic Force (SDF). Sehingga muncul gelombang kembalinya (Returnees) Foreign Fighter yang salah satunya ke Indonesia. Permasalahannya strategi pemerintah belum mampu menghadapi Returnees Foreign Fighter sehingga kedaulatan dan keutuhan wilayah serta keselamatan bangsa terancam oleh aksi terorisme. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah terwujudnya strategi pemerintah dalam menghadapi Returnees Foreign Fighter di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, observasi dan studi dokumen selanjutnya dianalisis dengan teknik analisa Miles, Huberman dan Saldana tahun 2014. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teori strategi serta konsep ancaman yang hasil penelitiannya menunjukkan bahwa bentuk ancaman Returnees Foreign Fighter di Indonesia ialah, kemampuan militer, jaringan internasional, perpindahan darul hrab, serangan lone wolf dan ideologi. Selain itu, guna mencegah hal tersebut pemerintah Indonesia menyiapkan strategi penangkalan dengan verifikasi berlapis guna mengklasifikasikan sejauh mana keterlibatan Returnees Foreign Fighter Indonesia selama di Suriah dan Irak. Selanjutnya dilakukan penindakan sesuai undang-undang No 5 Tahun 2018 serta dilakukan strategi pemulihan terhadap Returnees Foreign Fighter baik di balai rehabilitasi, rumah tahanan maupun ketika sudah integrasi ke dalam masyarakat.
References
Buku
BPPI, K. P. (2015). Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Pertahanan.
Denzin & Lincoln (1994, 2000, 2005, 2011) dalam karya The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research. Dikutip oleh John W. Creswell (2013, hlm 58. Edisi ke-3, cet. 1) dalam buku yang berjudul “Penelitian Kualitatif dan Desain Penelitian Riset”. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Pelajar.
Nance, M. W. (2003). Terrorist Recognition Handbook. Taylor & Francis Group.
Sugiyono. (2007). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Elfabeta.
J. Moleong, Lexy. (2000). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Walt, S. (1987). Origins of Alliances . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Artikel Jurnal
Alase, Abayomi. (2017). The Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA): A Guide to a Good Qualitative Reseach Approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, Vol. 5 No. 2, April 2017. DOI: 10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2 p.9
Anindya, C. R. (2017). The Syria Alumni Threat: Legal Loopholes and Inadequate Deradicalisation. NTU Singapore: RSIS Commentary No.133-11 July 2017.
Barret, Richard. (2017). Beyond The Caliphate Foreign Fighter and the Threat of Returnees. Soufan Center Group, hh 18.
Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into Violent Extremism II: A Review of Conceptual Models and Empirical Research. Journal of Strategic Security Vol 4 Issue 4, 4-5.
Dongoran, H. A. (2019, Juni 23). Nestapa di Negeri Syam. Majalah Tempo Edisi 17, p. 28.
Kibtiah, T. M. (2016). Mobilization and Movement of Foreign Fighters from Southeast Asia to Syria and Iraq. Journal Asian Studies Vol 4 No 1 Bina Nusantara and Indonesia Association for International Relations, 30.
Malet, D. (2018). The European Experience with Foreign Fighter and Returnees," in Returnees: Who They Are, Why They Are (not) coming Back, and How Should We Deal with Them? In Rik Coolset and Thomas Renard, Egmont Papers 101 (p. 7). Brussels: Egmont Institute.
Ryacudu, R. (2018). Terrorism in Southeast Asia: The Need for Joint Counter-Terrorism Framework. Jurnal ICPVTR Vol 10, 1.
Website
Abdullah, C. (2019, September 27). antaranews.com. Retrieved from Pencabutan Kewarganegaraan Simpatisan ISIS Kebijakan Kontraproduktif: http://antaranews.com
Hodge, Amanda and Rayda, Nivell. (2018). Surabaya bombings: Police comb apartment after ISIS family attacks. Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/isis-family-bombschurches-kills-11-as-indonesias-christian-community-terrorised/news-story/54a5c0f81cacf190360cda604f9b8b69, di akses pada 24 Juli 2019.
Bangun, S. (2019, Juli 19). suara.com. Retrieved from Soal Pemulangan WNI Eks ISIS di Suriah, Wiranto: Indonesia Perlu Hati-Hati: https://suara.com
Callimachi, R. (2016, Maret 29). nytimes.com. Retrieved from How ISIS Built the Machinery of Terror Under Europe's Gaze: http://nytimes.com
Dayana, A. S. (2019, Juli 25). tirto.id. Retrieved from Pemerintah Australia Pulangkan 8 Anak dari Keluarga ISIS di Suriah: http://tirto.id
Lister, C. (2015). Returning Foreign Fighter: Criminalization or Reintegration? Washington: Brookings Institution.
Movanita, A. N. (2017, September 20). kompas.com. Retrieved from 671 orang WNI Bergabung Dengan Kelompok Teroris di Irak dan Suriah: http//:kompas.com
Pratama, A. (2019, Agustus 20). tirto.id. Retrieved from Menhan Beri Syarat ke WNI Eks ISIS Agar Bisa Pulang Ke Indonesia: http://tirto.id
Rahman, V. E. (2019, Juli 10). idntimes.com. Retrieved from BNPT Usul Bentuk Satgas Pemulangan WNI Eks Anggota ISIS dari Suriah: http://idntimes.com
Subagja, I. (2018, Mei 15). Kumparan.com. Retrieved from Polisi Singgung Abu Bakar dan Dita Pernah Kunjungi Baasyir di Tahanan: http://kumparan.com
Yopi. (2020, Januari 10). Mahfud Persilahakn WNI jadi Kombatan Teroris di Suriah diadili. Retrieved from merdeka.com: https://m.merdeka.com/peristiwa/mahfud-persilakan-wni-jadi-kombatan-teroris-di-suriah-diadili.html
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
