ANALISA PERLOMBAAN SENJATA SIBER ANTARA AMERIKA DAN CHINA 2014-2018 MENGGUNAKAN RICHARDSON MODEL OF ARMS RACE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33172/pa.v6i2.909Abstrak
Perang siber, dimana ranah teknologi informasi, pertahanan, diplomasi, dan politik domestik diracik pada barisan-barisan skrip komputer, tidak hanya stabilitas keamanan internasional, namun, stabilitas keamanan nasional pun menjadi sasaran utama dalam perkembangan teknologi ini. Bukan menjadi fenomena baru di dalam ilmu pertahanan maupun ilmu hubungan internasional mengenai dinamika dan sinergi dari teknologi, pertahanan, diplomasi, dan politik dalam negeri yang sering disebut Revolution in Military Affairs, namun, siber-lah yang memberikan ruang baru untuk sinergi tersebut dapat berkembang lebih pesat, dan leluasa. Terdapat sebuah pola perlombaan senjata di setiap era hubungan teknoloi, pertahanan, diplomasi, dan politik domestik, pertanyaan mengenai apakah pola ini juga terjadi dalam ruang siber dan senjata-senjatanya yang tidak kasat mata atau tidak, dan bagaimana Indoensia menghadapi perang siber yang tidak kunjung surut? Dengan menggunakan metode Kualitatif, dengan desain Studi Kasus, kasus perlombaan senjata yang diteliti antara Amerika dan China. Hasil penelitian yang dihitung mealalui Richardson Model of Arms Race menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perlombaan senjata siber yang tengah terjadi diantara Amerika dan China.
Referensi
Buku
Bush, Vannevar, Modern Arms and Free Men, (New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1949)
Clarke, Richard A. & Knake, Robert K., Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It?, (New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 2012)
Dewar, Robert S., Cyberweapons: Capability, Intent, and Context in Cyberdefense, (Zurich: Center for Security Studies, 2017)
Etcheson, Craig, Arms Race Theory: Strategy and Structure of Behavior, (Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1989)
Goldmann, Kjell, Hannerz, Ulf, & Westin, Charles, Nationalism, and Internationalism in the Post-Cold War Era, (London: Routledge, 2000)
Hoffman, David E., The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy, (New York: Anchor Books, 2009)
International Telecommunication Union, Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2018, (Geneva: Place des Nations, 2019)
International Telecommunication Union, Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2017, (Geneva: Place des Nations, 2017)
Janczewski, Lech J., & Colarik, Andrew M., Cyber Warfare and Cyber Terrorism, (Pennsylvania & London: IGI Global, 2008)
Kello, Lucas, The Virtual Weapon and International Order, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017)
Libicki, Martin C., Cyberdetterence and Cyberwar, (California: RAND Corporation, 2009)
Maiolo, Joseph, Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931-1941, (New York: Basic Book, 2010)
Mediant Report, APT 1: Exposing One of China's Cyber Espionage Units, (Fire Eye, 2014)
Morgenthau, Hans J. & Thompson, Kenneth W., Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Terj: S. Maimoen, A. M. Fatwan, & C. Sudrajat, (Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2010)
Sokolski, Harry H., The Next Arms Race, (Pennsylvania: Strategic Studies Institute Book, 2012)
Thornton, Rod, Asymmetric Warfare: Threat and Response in the Twenty First Century, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007)
Zagare, Frank C., The Dynamics of Deterrence, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987)
Jurnal
Rid, Thomas & McBurney, Peter, “Cyber Weapons”, The RUSI Journal, vol. 157, no. 1, 2012, hlm. 6-13
Website
Department of Justice Office of Public Affairs, “First U.S.-China Law Enforcement and Cybersecurity Dialogue”, Dalam:
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/first-us-china-law-enforcement-and-cybersecurity-dialogue, 6 Oktober 2017, Diakses pada 2019
Duffin, Erin, “Public debt of the United States from 1990 to 2019 (in Billion Dollars)”, dalam https://www.statista.com/statistics/187867/public-debt-of-the-united-states-since-1990/, November 8 2019, Diakses pada 2019
Kemp, Simons, “DIGITAL 2019: Essential Insights Into How People Around the World Use The Internet, Mobile Device, Social Media and E-Commerce”, Kepios Pte.; We Are Social Ltd.; Hootsuite Inc, Dalam https://www.slideshare.net/DataReportal/digital-2019-global-digital-overview-january-2019-v01?from_action=save, diakses pada 2019
Hua, Xin, “China releases first strategy on cyberspace cooperation”, dalam http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2017-03/02/content_28403019.htm,
Maret 2017, diakses pada 2019
Kendall, Bridget, “Hybrid warfare: The new conflict between East and West”, dalam https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29903395 November 6 2014, Diakses pada 2019
Plecher H., “China: National debt from 2014 to 2024 (in billion U.S. dollars)”, dalam https://www.statista.com/statistics/531423/national-debt-of-china/, 3 Desember 2019, Diakses pada 2019
Qi, Han, “Procurement list adjusted for security reasons”, dalam http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2015-03/04/content_19711098.htm (4 Maret 2015) Diakses pada 2019
Shachtman N., “Dot-Mil Cyber Security Spending: Now Extra FUBAR” dalam https://www.wired.com/2011/04/dot-mil-cyber-security-spending-now-extra-fubar/, 04 Januari 2011, diakses pada 2019
The White House, “Remarks by President Obama and President Xi of the People's Republic of China in Joint Press Conference”, dalam https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/25/remarks-president-obama-and-president-xi-peoples-republic-china-joint, 25 September 2015, diakses pada 2019
U.S. Cyber Command, “U.S. Cyber Command History”, dalam https://www.cybercom.mil/About/History/, 2019, diakses pada 2019
U.S. Department of Defense, “Department of Defense Expands ‘Hack the Pentagon’ Crowdsourced Digital Defense Program”, dalam https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/1671231/department-of-defense-expands-hack-the-pentagon-crowdsourced-digital-defense-pr/, 24 Oktober 2018, diakses pada 2019
United States Code, “Title 50-War and National Defense”, Dalam https://uscode.house.gov/, 2015, diakses pada 2019
World Bank Group, “Military expenditure (current USD) - China, United States”, dalam https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.CD?end=2018&locations=CN-US&start=2014, 2019, diakses pada 2019
World Bank Group, “GDP (current US$) - China, United States”, dalam https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, 2019, diakses pada 2019
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access. Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work [SPECIFY PERIOD OF TIME] after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
